Our society is undergoing digital change. Dealing with digital technologies has become a daily practice. Many healthcare facilities are implementing digital technologies. Nurses are placed in a strategic position to be the leader of the digital healthcare workforce. Nursing students are more exposed to this technological advancement as they are future professional nurses. This study aimed to examine how information-processing and exchanging skills in digital spaces affect digital problem-solving skills among nursing students. The Bayesian mindsponge framework (BMF) was used as (...) a conceptual framework. This quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional design. The population was all nursing students in two private nursing institutions located in Bangkok, Thailand (n=476) and Surabaya, Indonesia (n=179). Samples were the total population. Self-developed instrument was used in data collection. Data analysis used BMF analytics. The majority were females aged 20-22 years old who use smartphones and tablets daily. The information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces were positively associated with digital problem-solving skills among nursing students (MInformationProcess=0.30 and SDInformationProcess=0.05; MInformationExchange=0.37, and SDInformationExchange=0.05). More efforts are needed to improve nursing students’ problem-solving skills by using digital content, for instance, by modifying the information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces. Collaborative learning methods should be promoted in order to support the creation of conducive environment for supporting knowledge or information-exchanging behavior among nursing students by using digital technology. (shrink)

Food security is one of the major concerns in the Philippines. Although livestock and poultry production accounts for a significant proportion of the country’s agricultural output, smallholder households are still vulnerable to food insecurity. The current study aims to examine how livestock production and selling difficulties affect smallholder households’ food-insecure conditions. For this objective, Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Data in Emergencies Monitoring (DIEM) system. We found that production and (...) selling difficulties significantly adversely affect food insecurity in the Philippines. However, their effects vary according to the severity of food insecurity. In particular, production and selling difficulties affect the households’ likelihood of eating less healthy and nutritious food equally. However, the production difficulties have more negligible impacts on the possibility of skipping meals and even ambiguous impacts on the likelihood of not eating for a whole day compared to the effects of selling difficulties. Moreover, we also found that the market plays a crucial role in facilitating not only livestock trading but also livestock production (e.g., purchase of feed and medicines). Based on these findings, we suggest that the livestock market needs to be expanded and regulated to maintain the balancing prices between livestock products and products and services used for livestock production, and facilitate the product-exchanging mechanism. (shrink)

Transformations are not only conditioned by facts encompassing narrower or wider panoramas: from concentrating on death and one (political) role (the ode of Horace), through recalling Cleopatra’s mature life and love (the drama of Shakespeare), to creating an image embracing the heroine’s whole life with its numerous roles, but as a mother and a daughter in the first place, because even her lovers resemble a father and a child (the fictional biography of Karen Essex). Above all, they appear to be (...) more connected with different attitudes towards universal references lying within human cognitive abilities. Horace’s didactic opposition of contradictory patterns leads to the victory of one of them — and it is a linear pattern, as an equivalent of modern myth, which is accepted by the author himself. In Shakespeare, it takes a form of tragedy resulting from the fragmentary character of each pattern, one of which introduces change (archaic myth) and the other constancy (modern myth), and from a painful attempt to combine them. In Essex, the vision of the world in which archaic myth, strongly represented by a child, triumphs is utopian. Irrespective of the differences, all the works realize the essential role played by images developed by heroes, and especially by authors, in human cognition. (shrink)

Cancer care has transitioned from clinical-based to home-based care to support longterm care in a more familiar and comfortable environment. This care transition has put family caregivers (FCGs) in a strategic position as care providers. Cancer care at home involves psychological and emotional treatment at some point, making FCGs deal with the stress of cancer patients frequently. Due to their limited care competencies, they need supportive care from healthcare professionals in cancer stress management. This study aims to examine how types (...) of demanded healthcare information affect the FCG’s role in reducing the stress of female cancer patients. The mindsponge theory was used in conceptual development and interpretation. Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics were used for statistical analysis on a dataset of 48 spouses (husbands) and 12 other family members in five congested communities of Surabaya, Indonesia. Results showed that among the six types of healthcare information, FCGs with higher demand for cancer-specific information were more likely to need support in reducing the stress of female cancer patients. Meanwhile, FCGs with a higher demand for information about support services were less likely to need support to reduce cancer patients’ stress. Other types of healthcare information have ambiguous effects on the need for support in reducing cancer-induced stress. This study reveals that the demanded cancer-specific information, e.g., cancer prognosis or likely outcome, must be prioritized to assist FCG’s role in managing cancer stress. (shrink)

In this paper, I offer a reconstruction of Ghazālī's encounter with scepticism in the Deliverance from Error. For Ghazālī, I argue, radical scepticism about the possibility of knowledge ensues from intellectualist assumptions about the nature of justification. On the reading that I will propose, Ghazālī holds that foundational knowledge can only be justified via actions that lead to transformative experiences.

Adaptation and stress are two main concepts useful for better understanding the phases of illness and health-related human behavior. The two faces of adaptation, adaptation as a process and adaptation as a product, have raised the question of how long the adaptation process will take in cancer trajectories. The care setting transition from clinical-based into home-based cancer care has stressed the role of family caregivers (FCG) in cancer management. This study examines how types of demanded healthcare information affect the FCG’s (...) role in catalyzing the adaptation of female cancer patients. The mindsponge theory was used in conceptual development and results interpretation. Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was used for statistical analysis on a dataset of 48 spouses (husbands) and 12 other family members in five congested communities of Surabaya, Indonesia. Results showed that among the six types of demanded healthcare information, FCGs with a higher tendency to demand cancer-specific information are more likely to need support in catalyzing the adaptation of female cancer patients. Meanwhile, FCGs with a higher demand for information on alternative therapies are less likely to need support in catalyzing cancer adaptation. Other types of healthcare information have ambiguous effects on the need for support in cancer adaptation assistance. This study reveals that the demanded cancer-specific information, e.g., cancer’s prognosis or likely outcome, must be prioritized to assist FCG’s role in catalyzing adaptation among female cancer patients. Cancer prognosis and outcomes reflect the future of cancer care results. (shrink)

Given the close relatedness of local issues, water scarcity, and sustainability, this research sought to investigate the factors affecting residents’ willingness to reuse direct and indirect potable water in the arid region. Utilizing the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF), an analysis was undertaken with a sample of 1,831 water consumers in the City of Albuquerque, the most populous city in New Mexico, United States. The primary analysis revealed positive associations between local concerns about drought or water scarcity and population growth with (...) residents' willingness to reuse direct and indirect potable water. Conversely, concerns about water quality and water bills were found to be negatively associated with the willingness to utilize directly and indirectly recycled water for drinking. In light of these findings, the study explores the potential of fostering an eco-surplus culture by cultivating a sense of environmental responsibility and acknowledging the relationship between local issues and environmental conditions. Simultaneously, the study proposes collaboration between the government and residents to promote water reuse programs to conserve water resources effectively. (shrink)

According to a common interpretation, most explicitly defended by Onora O’Neill and Patricia Kitcher, Kant held that epistemic obligations normatively depend on moral obligations. That is, were a rational agent not bound by any moral obligation, then she would not be bound by any epistemic obligation either. By contrast, in this paper, I argue that, according to Kant, some epistemic obligations are normatively independent from moral obligations, and are indeed normatively absolute. This view, which I call epistemicism, has two parts. (...) First, it claims that in the absence of other kinds of obligations, rational agents would still be bound by these epistemic obligations, i.e., that the latter are normatively independent. Second, it claims that, no matter what other obligations are at stake, rational agents are bound by these epistemic obligations, i.e., the normativity of these epistemic obligations is absolute in that it cannot be undercut by any moral or other sort of obligation. The argument turns on an exploratory reading of Kant’s remarks in “What Is Orientation in Thinking?” (1786) about the maxim of “thinking for oneself” as the “supreme touchstone of truth.” In contrast to O’Neill and Kitcher, I argue that if we interpret this maxim as stating the unifying principle of theoretical and practical reason, then we must interpret it as stating an epistemic, and not merely practical imperative. This result, I argue, vindicates epistemicism and illuminates interesting lessons about Kant’s conception of the category of “epistemic” norms. Further, it helps us make headway with Kant’s enigmatic remarks about the unity of practical and theoretical reason in the Groundwork, first and the second Critiques, and the Lectures on Logic. On my proposal, principles of the practical and theoretical uses of rea-son are unified through a formal epistemic principle. (shrink)

In this paper, I offer a theory of autonomous agency that relies on the re-sources of a strongly cognitivist theory of intention and intentional action. On the proposed account, intentional action is a graded notion that is ex-plained via the agent’s degree of practical knowledge. In turn, autonomous agency is also a graded notion that is explained via the agent’s degree of practical understanding. The resulting theory can synthesize insights from both the hierarchical and the cognitivist theories of autonomy with (...) at least some aspects of the reason-responsiveness theories. Moreover, by treating practical knowledge and practical understanding as gradable no-tions, the paper offers a strategy to respond to enduring objections against cognitivism about intention, control, and autonomy. (shrink)

On July 24, 2023, a philosophical essay regarding the roles of editors with multiple retractions in the publishing system was officially published in Epistemes Metron Logos.

Sayyid Sadr al-din Mohammad Dashtaki Shirazi is the inventor of the division of composition into unified composition and composition by join. With this division, Dashtaki has expressed a new theory about the composition of the material object from first matter and form, as well as the composition of man from soul and body, and considers these compositions as an alliance and unification, not simply the parts joining to each other. In this paper, we will present Dashtaki’s arguments on the theory (...) of unified composition. We will also examine three objections to this theory and responses to them. Finally, we will examine the background of this theory in Bahmanyar's phrases. Dashtaki believes that when the components in the compound have a real plurality, i.e. each one exists separately from the other, a composition by join is created, such as the composition of a house from numerous clays. But if the components in the compound are united and none of them are separate from the others and exists actually, the resulting composition will be an alliance and union. He believes that in the unified composition, every component is identical to any other component and is identical to the whole. Accordingly, Reza is a unique being, both human and writer. In order to achieve a composition, a plurality is needed and in order to form a single composition, there must be plural components related to each other. An important question is that, principally how is a composition possible, if unified composition comes to existence only when the components are made united with each other and with the whole? In other words, unified composition is not possible, because the first condition of the acquisition of the composition, i.e., the plurality of the constituent components, is not satisfied. Dashtaki strives to express a difference between the components in the union compound. He believes that the conditions of the realization and the survival of the components are different, and that is enough for them to be different. In Dashtaki's point of view, in the unified composition the components are analytical, not being separate and plural, in reality. In other words, the components do not have actual and "in-the-world" plurality, which means that it is our intellect that separates them and looks at them as independent objects. Therefore, unity and identity are in-the-world and plurality and discernibility are analytical and in the mind. Dashtaki's first argument for his theory in general is as follows: the three major material objects (solid, plant and animal) are undoubtedly real compounds. But in these compositions, components exist potentially, and in a unified composition, components do not exist actually. Therefore, these objects are unified compounds. The second argument is that the accuracy of predication implies unity. In the unified composition, the components are identical with the whole, and therefore, the components can be predicated to the composition. In Dashtaki's view, if A is predicated to B, then it could be concluded that they are identical and unified. The first objection to this theory is that the unity is incompatible with causality. From the perspective of the Peripatetics, form is the cause of the matter, and this is incompatible with the union of the two. Dashtaki states that in case of causality, there is no need for cause and effect to be two different and discernible entities, but a single entity may be from one aspect the cause and, from another, the effect. In other words, the foresaid causality is analytical causality. When mind analyses something, and then finds analytical components, it can see between those analytical and intellectual components, causality, and find some of them as the cause of the others. The second objection is the incorrectness of the unity in compounds with components not being similar. only in the compounds having similar parts, one can accept the unity of matter and form. For example, in compounds such as horses, it is not possible to accept the union of matter and form, because in horses, there are components with different natures, such as bones, flesh and nerves. Unity of These parts with each other and with the whole is not plausible. Dashtaki’s respond is that the horse is also a natural unit and has no actual plurality. Components having similar or different natures does not make any difference. According to the theory of unified composition, the horse's components are united with the horse's form and have only analytical plurality. Horse’s components are just analytical components, not actual, independent ones. The third objection is the incompatibility of the actual existence of components with their unity. But Dashtaki maintains that a unique actual personal entity cannot have actual plural components. He states that compounds such as horses exist objectively, but objective and real existing is divided into two kinds: dependent existence, and independent existence as a single real thing. Therefore, the two characteristics of "being a component" and "being independent" are incompatible and do not come together in a real being. Dashtaki has also quoted phrases from Bahmanyar to confirm his point of view. Bahmanyar says that the properties of an animal belong to the whole and compound, not to each component. For example, it is a horse that feels, not its bone or brain, as the eye is also a compound, but seeing is the work of the eye, not the work of any of its components. Therefore, the animal, which is something compound, has characteristics that none of its components have. So the animal is something over and above its components. Bahmanyar thinks the components in the animal are potential. Then he states a general rule: any compound in which unity is real, its components do potentially exist. Therefore, Bahmanyar considers the body parts of the living organism as a potential being and generally believes that the components of any compound that have true unity are potential. The potentiality of the components in a real compound does not that mean that the components are destroyed and a new thing is produced. The components are also available, but they do not have the effects they had separately before the composition comes into existence. In other words, the components have found a unique identity together and therefore have a new effect.. It seems that Bahmanyar has expressed the same idea that Dashtaki is looking for in the theory of unified composition. Therefore, it can be said that before Dashtaki, Bahmanyar has come up with the thought of a unity. Of course, Bahmanyar has not explained much about this, and Dashtaki is the first who has organized and completed this idea as a philosophical theory. (shrink)

I argue that practical knowledge can be understood as constituted by a kind of imagining. In particular, it is the knowledge of what I am doing when that knowledge is represented via extramental imagination. Two results follow. First, on this account, we can do justice both to the cognitive character and the practical character of practical knowledge. And second, we can identify a condition under which imagination becomes factive, and thus a source of ob-jective evidence. I develop this view by (...) extracting an account of self-knowledge via extramental imagination from the writings of Ibn ‘Arabi (1165-1240). (shrink)

Sad al-Din Dashtaki, and following him, Mulla Sadra Shirazi maintains that all real compositions are unified. After a short review of Dashtaki’s thesis, we concentrate on Mulla Sadra’s version. Mulla Sadra believes that Dashtaki’s version is not coherent and he declines the existence of real parts. We will argue that Mulla Sadra’s objections do not work and furthermore, all things said and done there is no difference between these two versions of the thesis of unified composition. If there is any (...) difference, it is about their theory of existence, not about their theory of composition. Sad al-Din Dashtaki, and following him, Mulla Sadra Shirazi maintains that all real compositions are unified. After a short review of Dashtaki’s thesis, we concentrate on Mulla Sadra’s version. Mulla Sadra believes that Dashtaki’s version is not coherent and he declines the existence of real parts. We will argue that Mulla Sadra’s objections do not work and furthermore, all things said and done there is no difference between these two versions of the thesis of unified composition. If there is any difference, it is about their theory of existence, not about their theory of composition. (shrink)

The three learning modalities in nursing education are classroom meetings, skill laboratory practices, and clinical practice in hospital or community settings. In clinical internships, the collaborative self-directed learning method is highly encouraged among nursing students. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in clinical learning supports the implementation of evidence-based nursing and student-centered learning. The current study examines whether the relationship between social influence and ICT using intention is moderated by the daily duration of use and the number of (...) classmates being friends on social media. The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of 702 Moroccan nursing students. We found that social influence was positively associated with nursing students’ intention to use ICT for clinical learning during the internship. This positive association was positively moderated by the daily duration of social media usage and negatively moderated by the number of classmates being friends on social media. These findings underscore the potential of using social media platforms to facilitate the incorporation of ICT and social media in nursing education and training. However, the adverse effects of social media on students’ mental well-being also need to be acknowledged and managed appropriately. (shrink)

Clinical practice is a part of the integral learning method in nursing education. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in clinical learning is highly encouraged among nursing students to support evidence-based nursing and student-centered learning. Through the information-processing lens of the mindsponge theory, this study views performance expectancy (or perceived usefulness) and effort expectancy (or perceived ease of use) as results of subjective benefit and cost judgments determining the students’ ICT using intention for supporting clinical learning, respectively. Therefore, (...) the study examines whether effort expectancy moderates the relationship between performance expectancy and the intention to use ICT among Moroccan nursing students. The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of 702 Moroccan nursing students. We found that nursing students’ performance expectancy is positively associated with the intention to adopt ICT and social media, while effort expectancy positively moderates this relationship. Moreover, the model with effort expectancy as the moderator was discovered to have a significantly larger weight than the model with effort expectancy as the direct predictor, validating our information-processing reasoning. This study provides a new perspective on the interplay between the benefit and cost perceptions of ICT use to support clinical learning methods in nursing education. Moreover, given the limited education resources, especially in developing countries like Morocco, we recommend nursing education and training prioritize communicating the benefits of ICTs and social media over ease of use. Doing so would help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of nursing education and training while lowering costs. (shrink)

Fear of cancer is mostly related to cancer recurrence, metastasis, additional cancer, and diagnostic tests. Its legacy as a lethal disease has raised fear of approaching death. Currently, cancer’s total suffering and the worsening phenomena have raised fear, especially among female patients. Family caregivers (FCGs) who are responsible for the day-to-day cancer care at home need to help the patients deal with this fear frequently. Due to the limited care competencies, they need supportive care from healthcare professionals in cancer fear (...) management. This study aims to assess how types of demanded healthcare information affect the FCG’s role in reducing the fear of female cancer patients. The mindsponge theory was used in conceptual development and interpretation. Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics were used for statistical analysis on a dataset of 48 spouses (husbands) and 12 other family members in five congested communities of Surabaya, Indonesia. Results showed that among the six types of healthcare information, FCGs with higher demand on cancer-specific information and information on cancer physical needs were more likely to need support in reducing the fear of female cancer patients. Meanwhile, FCGs with a higher demand for information on support services were less likely to need support to reduce cancer patients’ fear. Other types of healthcare information have ambiguous effects on the need for support in reducing cancer-induced fear. This study reveals that the demanded cancer-specific information, e.g., cancer’s prognosis or likely outcome and information on cancer physical needs, need to be met in priority to assist FCG’s role in cancer fear management. (shrink)

Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian mengenai pemikiran Tan Malaka tentang mekanisme dan karakteristik sistem kapitalisme. Tan Malaka memiliki karya-karya yang membahas tetntang sistem ekonomi kapitalisme. Tan Malaka juga merupakan salah satu saksi hidup yang melihat dan megalami bagaimana perkembangan serta efek dari sistem ekonomi kapitalisme. Lebih dari itu Tan Malaka merupakan salah satu tokoh yang melawan kapitalisme sampai akhir hayatnya. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian filsafat dengan teknik analisis studi historis-faktual tokoh yang berfokus pada pemikiran salah seorang filsuf atau tokoh, (...) baik pada topik tertentu dalam karyanya, maupun dalam seluruh karyanya yang kemudian dianalisis sebagai sebuah pemikiran filsafat. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa mekanisme sistem kapitalisme lebih merupakan proses produksi yang hanya bisa berlagnsug jika syarat-syaratnya terpenuhi. Karakteristik sistem kapitalisme adalah eksploitasi secara terus-menerus. (shrink)

Nous vivons une crise écologique qui semble être provoquée par l’humain. Elle est la conséquence de la modernité, fondée sur la prééminence d’une humanité rationnelle en opposition à une nature qui serait extérieure à celle-ci. Pour se sortir de ladite crise, le discours sur l’anthropocène propose deux solutions : d’un côté, un techno-optimisme qui propose d’investir davantage dans les sciences et les technologies ; de l’autre, un cynisme éco-apocalyptique qui n’incite pas à l’action, mais paralyse l’être humain. Ces solutions perpétuent (...) l’opposition entre nature et culture qui est à l’origine de la crise. Le présent article décrit une nouvelle ontologie posthumaniste et néomatérialiste qui permet de concevoir des alternatives en soulignant l’interdépendance entre nature et culture. Haraway propose le Chthulucène pour remplacer l’anthropocène : l’opposition entre nature et culture sera effacée et la (sur)vie humaine et non humaine deviendra possible. (shrink)

Phonological change of vowel length in Farsi -/- Author / Authors : Reza Heidarizadi Page no. 50 - 55 Discipline : Persian Linguistics/language Script/language : Roman/English Category : Research paper Keywords: Farsi vowels, vowel length, Compensatory lengthening.

خواجه نصيرالدين طوسي در زمرة بزرگ‌ترين و پرنفوذترين عالمان مسلمان سدة هفتم هجري به شمار مي‌رود. بخش عمده‌اي آثار وي ناظر به آثار و آراء فخرالدين رازي و در دفاع از فلسفه و ارائة كلامي درست و متين تدوين شده است. خواجه علاوه بر كلام و فلسفه، آثار عرفاني نيز دارد. مشكل مطالة آثار وي اين است كه گاه وي در كلام به مطالبي معتقد شده و در فلسفه از آنها دست برداشته است. وي همچنين با پذيرش محوري‌ترين آموزة عرفان (...) اسلامي، از سطح فلسفة رايج نيز گذشته است. برخي معتقدند كه خواجه نصير نيز مانند عده‌اي ديگر از انديشمندان، دچار تحوّل فكري شده و اين اختلاف‌ها مربوط به دوران‌هاي گوناگون فعاليت علمي و معرفتي وي بوده است. اين مقاله نشان مي‌‌دهد كه خواجه نصير هم ‌زمان همة اين سطوح انديشه را داشته است و نمي‌توان او را دچار تحوّل فكري دانست. درحقيقت، سه سطح طولي انديشه خواجه، به ترتيب عبارتند از: كلام، فلسفه و عرفان. در اين مقاله، با ارائة نمونه‌هايي، وجود اين سه سطح در كار وي، اثبات شده است. (shrink)

Paparan stres tidak bisa dihindari dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari. Kebanyakan orang mungkin pernah mengalami setidaknya satu stres yang ekstrem (misalnya: situasi traumatis yang berpotensi mengancam jiwa) yang dapat menyebabkan dampak buruk yang serius pada kesehatan mental mereka [1]. Oleh karena itu, resiliensi menjadi isu penelitian yang penting di kalangan peneliti di bidang ilmu kedokteran, kesehatan mental, dan ilmu pengetahuan secara umum untuk dapat membantu orang lain dalam meningkatkan kemampuan untuk menahan stres. Salah satu langkah terpenting untuk dapat meneliti resiliensi secara (...) efektif adalah dengan memberikan definisi yang tepat. Dalam rapat pleno tahunan ke-29, para ahli dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yang tergabung dalam International Society for Traumatic Stress membahas secara tuntas mengenai pengertian resiliensi, termasuk juga ketua rapat (Steven Southwick) dan panelis (George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, dan Rachel Yehuda). Rapat pleno tersebut diselenggarakan di Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pada bulan November 2013 [2]. (shrink)

حقايق اندماجي مقام ذات، حيثيات، احوال و صفات آن ذات بسيط اند. ازآنجا كه اين حقايق، تفصيل نيافته و تعينات ذات نيستند، در ذات مستهلك اند. حقايق اندماجي، كثرتي بالفعل را در ذات ايجاد نمي كنند و در غيب ذات، مخفي اند؛ يعني ظهور ندارند. اين حقايق، از جهت واحد بر ذات صادق اند، يعني حيثيات جهت واحد ذات هستند. عارفان مكتب ابن عربي، از واژگاني مانند استهلاك، اندماج، استجنان، اجمال، كمون و قوه، براي اشاره به اين حقايق استفاده كرده (...) اند. آنان تبيين هايي دربارة چگونگي حضور اين حقايق در متن ذاتي كه بدان موجودند، ارائه داده و از مثال هايي نيز براي دريافت بهتر آنها استفاده كرده اند. از نظرگاه عرفاني، اين حقايق را بايد داراي نحوه اي ويژه از موجوديت مجازي يا بالعرض دانست. اين نوشتار، از حقايق اندماجي با تأكيد بر مقام ذات بحث مي كند. كمالات و شئون ذاتي مقام ذات، مهم ترين مصداق حقايق اندماجي در عرفان محيي الديني هستند. اما اصل بحث عموميت دارد و دربارة ساير مصاديق اين حقايق نيز جريان دارد. (shrink)

Bradley proposes a regress according to which, any theory that considers external objects as a unit composed of multiple components is flawed. Since most tropists consider the concrete object to be composed of coexisting tropes, Bradley's sregress embraces tropism as well. Maureen is of the opinion that Bradley's view about the existence of a relationship is incorrect and that a relationship is something that has an existential dependence on its surroundings, and based on this, he has resolved the problems of (...) Bradley's regress. However, based on an understanding of Allameh Tabataba'i's statements and analysis regarding the existence of a relationship, it is possible to criticize Maureen and consider the dependence between the relationship and its surroundings to be two-way. In addition, although Maurin's view solves the problem of Bradley's regress, it seems incompatible with the tropism. In this article, after a brief look at tropism, Bradley's regress is presented, and then this problem for tropism is explained. Next, Maureen's solution is proposed and after that, this solution is criticized and defended from the point of view of internal and mutual dependence between the relationship and its surroundings. (shrink)

Buku ini mengeksplorasi gagasan Islam Tan Malaka yang kemudian dikarakterisasi sebagai pemikiran Islam Progresif dengan menggunakan teori sosiologi pengetahuan yang dirumuskan oleh Peter L. Berger dan Thomas Luckmann serta filsafat ilmu realisme kritis Roy Bhaskar sebagai pendekatan analisis. Hasilnya adalah konsep Madilog sebagai metode Islam Progresif yang melahirkan konsep tauhid sebagai landasan keberadaan keadilan sosial yang kemudian menjadi landasan bagi Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), kesetaraan gender, pluralisme, dan kesatuan umat. Konsep-konsep tersebut saling berhubungan secara syaratual berdasarkan prinsip kausalitas dan hukum (...) dialektika. Konstruksi konseptual inilah yang disebut dengan Islam Progresif Tan Malaka. (shrink)

Seni berfilsafat di ruang akademik memuat pengalaman penulis dalam berfilsafat dari UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta sebagai mahasiswa Pascasarjana Filsafat ke IAIN Manado sebagai Dosen Filsafat.

Di masyarakat manapun, bunuh diri selalu merupakan sebuah tragedi. Meskipun ada masalah duka dan berkabung yang ditimbulkan, tragedi ini berkembang pesat di seluruh dunia. The Global Burden of Disease, sebuah penelitian global di tahun 2017 terhadap 282 penyebab kematian di 1.995 negara dan wilayah, menemukan bahwa bunuh diri merupakan penyebab kematian tertinggi pada peringkat ke-15. Diperkirakan hampir 800.000 orang meninggal dunia akibat bunuh diri setiap tahunnya, atau sekitar satu orang setiap 40 detik [1]. Banyaknya jumlah kematian akibat bunuh diri telah (...) mendorong para dokter kesehatan jiwa dan peneliti untuk menganggap kecenderungan bunuh diri sebagai penyakit. Pada tahun 2013, sebuah langkah besar telah diambil oleh tim profesional yang ada di balik edisi kelima Manual Diagnostik dan Statistik Gangguan Mental (DSM-5) [2,3]. Mereka menyarankan Suicide Behavior Disorder (SBD) atau gangguan perilaku bunuh diri sebagai sebuah “kondisi untuk studi lebih lanjut”, yang berarti bahwa SBD dapat dicantumkan sebagai suatu gangguan yang berbeda dan menerima rekomendasi pengobatan pada edisi berikutnya. Pakar berpengalaman mengembangkan lima kriteria diagnosis SBD pada Satgas dan Kelompok Kerja DSM-5 setelah melakukan tinjauan menyeluruh terhadap literatur penelitian serta diskusi dengan para ahli di bidangnya dan masyarakat umum [4],. (shrink)

Among all aspects, the unmet needs of healthcare information from the healthcare and illness-related domains have the potency to predict the unmet needs of emotional support from the emotional and relational domains in this population. The current study aims to examine the predictors of the needs for emotional support among FCGs of cancer patients by analyzing the demanded healthcare information, i.e., cancer-specific information, caregiver-specific information, therapy-specific information, information on cancer physical needs, information on alternative therapies, and information on support services.

Dalam novel klasik Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky secara artistik dan dengan sengaja menggambarkan penderitaan mental dan dilema moral Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, seorang mantan mahasiswa hukum muda yang intelek dan simpatik yang tinggal di daerah kumuh Saint Petersburg [1]. Konflik batin Raskolnikov muncul demi kepentingan kemanusiaannya ketika melihat kehidupan yang menyedihkan di sekelilingnya, mengarah pada sikap utilitarian-altruistik terkait pembenaran atas kejahatannya [2]: “Mengapa tidak membunuh rentenir tua yang malang, rakus, dan “tidak berguna” lalu menggunakan dananya untuk meringankan penderitaan manusia?” (...) Dengan pemikiran itu di dalam pikirannya, Raskolnikov bertekad untuk melakukan pembunuhan tetapi ia segera kewalahan oleh rasa bersalahnya. Sudah lebih dari satu abad sejak novel ini pertama kali diterbitkan. Namun, masih banyak orang yang memiliki penderitaan mental dan dilema moral seperti yang dihadapi Raskolnikov. Sebagai manusia, penyakit merupakan sebuah kenyataan yang tidak bisa dihindari namun ingin dihindari oleh semua orang, terutama penyakit yang bersifat fatal seperti kanker, penyakit jantung, infeksi pernafasan, dll. Beberapa diantaranya dapat disembuhkan, dan beberapa tidak. Namun, bagi masyarakat yang mengalami kemiskinan, uang adalah alasan utama yang membuat sebagian besar penyakit serius menjadi “tidak dapat disembuhkan”. Kenyataan pahitnya adalah semakin serius sebuah penyakit, semakin mahal pula biaya pengobatannya. Baik pasien dengan penyakit serius maupun keluarga mereka perlu melakukan pengorbanan yang signifikan untuk membiayai tingginya biaya pengobatan dan perawatan, yang dapat mendorong mereka ke dalam kemiskinan. Jika perawatan medis tidak lagi terjangkau, maka rumah sakit kemungkinan akan “memulangkan” pasiennya ke rumah sehingga mereka dapat menghabiskan saat-saat terakhir hidup mereka dekat dengan orang yang mereka cintai. Pasien non-lokal, miskin, dan tidak memiliki asuransi memiliki sekitar 70% kemungkinan untuk menjadi miskin akibat menjangkau layanan kesehatan [3]. (shrink)

Avicenna, beside his theoretical discussions about experimentation, practically applied his experimental method to natural sciences studies such as medicine, biology, and meteorology. His theoretical discussions subsume propositions concerning the conditions under which experimental knowledge is attained, the components of this knowledge and its functions. Some of these propositions are as follows: necessity of recurrent observations for acquiring experimental knowledge, certainty plus conditional universality of such knowledge, and its role as demonstrative premises. Investigating the application of his theory in natural sciences (...) propound two new features which were not elaborated in the theoretical discussions: fallibility of experimental knowledge and necessity of systematic observation. This research, using the analytic method and referring to both philosophical and scientific works of Avicenna, clarifies that a comprehensive definition of experimentation is dependent on considering extracted points from practical application of experimental knowledge, beside its theoretical components. (shrink)

جان هیک با وام گرفتن از مفهوم «دیدن به عنوان...» ویتگنشتاین و تعمیم آن به کل تجربه‌های ادراکی و نیز وام‌گیری از تمایز کانتی میان نومن و فنومن میان «حقیقت فی نفسه» و «حقیقت عند المدرک» تمایز می‌نهد . حقیقت فی نفسه همان خداوند در عالم واقع است و حقیقت عند المدرک همان تصوری است که در هر دین از خداوند ارائه شده است. دوتمایز ذکر شده مهم‌ترین مبنای معرفت شناختی نظریه کثرت گرایانه هیک را در باب ادیان تشکیل می‌دهند. (...) به نظر می‌رسد نظریه ادراک و نظریه توجیه در نظریه کثرت گرایانه هیک در باب ادیان از نوعی ابهام برخوردار هستند. (shrink)

Thomas Aquinas and Mulla Sadra both criticized the previous theories on the soul-body problem, which held that the body is a mere instrument in the employ of the soul. Instead, they, following Aristotle, regard the connection between the soul and the body as form and matter since, they thought of it as an essential connection not accidental. Despite this initial similarity there are differences between Aquinas and Sadra on this problem which in the end lead them to two distinctive results.

John Hick’s theory concerning plurality of religions is an ontologic pluralism according to which all religions are authentic ways for man to attain the "real an sich". Gods of religions are real as perceived and veridical hallucinations; while the “real an sich” has ineffable substantial and trans-categorical properties. Hick’s view suffers from several problems. As a second order analysis of religions, Hick’s view is not a correct one. To reject naturalism, it falls into an epistemological circle, where distinction between formal (...) and substantial properties fades away. It seems that Hick is captured by a category mistake in the presentation of his own theory concerning authenticity of all religions to attain the "real an sich". (shrink)

Suhrawardi is a renowned philosopher famous for his thoughts on the philosophy of Illumination. His thoughts are contained in his mangnum opus, The Wisdom of Al-Isryq (Hikmat Al-Isryq). This study aims to reveal the prominent aspect of various political dimensions in his work, whose primordial focus was on the aspects of the political system and the concept of power. The political system and the concept of power were then characterized as a political philosophy of Illumination. For this reason, this study (...) not only uses a qualitative method with factual historical study techniques regarding figures but also uses an analytical approach to the theory of sociology of knowledge by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Lucmann and the theory of socio-political philosophy of al-Farabi's emanation. The sociology of knowledge is used to analyze the social dimensions involved in the formation of Suhrawardi's thoughts. Meanwhile, the socio-political philosophy of emanation is used to characterize the system and the concept of political power contained in the Wisdom of al-Isryq. The study concludes that the political system contained in the Illumination philosophy is divine, theocratic, and based on the concept of power in the form of self-control. (shrink)

In the article of Bueno titled “Davidson and Skepticism: How Not to Respond to the Skeptic,” he intends to demonstrate that although Davidson’s theory of Coherence holds many attractions, it does not entail a response to any kinds of skepticism including Global, Lottery, and Pyrrhonian. In this study, the goal is to criticize the work of Prof. Bueno in connection with two criticisms raised by him over Davidson’s anti-skeptical strategy. Further, by giving some reasons in favor of Davidson’s anti-skepticism argument, (...) it will be shown that neither the above stated criticisms nor the global skepticism response could undermine the validity of anti-skepticism argument. (shrink)

One day, if you get the chance, please show up in our community here, in our great archipelagos of Indonesia. We are keen to be your disciples and confident we can host you.

There is a quotation in the Holly Quran from the book of Psalms in 21:105: “The righteous shall inherit the earth”. A similar sentence can be found in Psalm37:29: צַדִּיקִים יִֽירְשׁוּ־אָרֶץ וְיִשְׁכְּנוּ לָעַד עָלֶֽיהָ. A comparison between these verses would illustrate that “صالح” is the Quranic equivalent of the Hebrew word “צַדִּיקִ”. This equivalence would allow us to compare usages of “صالح” in Quran and “צַדִּיקִ” in the book of Psalms. This comparative study will show that: (a) on the one (...) hand, “צַדִּיקִ” has been used in Psalms either as an attribute of God or as a description of some peoples and on the other, “صالح” has been used in Quran for describing either some peoples or their acts, (b) These two words have similar usages in Psalms and Quran to the extent that they have been used for the description of some peoples and (c) the Quranopsalmic use of this notion can be linked with the concept of “divine selection(istifā)”. (shrink)

Penelitian ini difokuskan pada pemikiran Aristoteles mengenai ekonomi yang diletakan dalam bingkai filsafat. Sehingganya ini adalah penelitian filsafat, jelasnya filsafat ekonomi Aristoteles. Dikatakan demikian karena aspek utama yang hendak diungkap dalam pemikiran Aristoteles adalah syarat-syarat keberadaan ekonomi yang merupakan problem ontologis dalam filsafat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik studi historis-faktual mengenai tokoh. Serta menggunakan Ontologi realisme kritis sebagai pendekatan analisis. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa syarat keberadaan ekonomi adalah kesetaran substratum. Karena hanya dengan adanya kesetaraan substratum, maka (...) ada pertukaran yang tidak lain adalah syarat keberadaan ekonomi itu sendiri. (shrink)

The current study aims to examine how types of demanded healthcare information affect the FCG’s role in catalyzing the adaptation of female cancer patients (i.e., cancer-specific information, caregiver-specific information, therapy-specific information, information on cancer physical needs, information on alternative therapies, and information on support services).

The current study aims to examine how types of demanded healthcare information affect the FCG’s role in reducing the fear of female cancer patients (i.e., cancer-specific information, caregiver-specific information, therapy-specific information, information on cancer physical needs, information on alternative therapies, and information on support services).

Introduction Reza Davari Ardakni, the Iranian contemporary philosopher, distinguishes development from Western modernity; in that it considers modernity as natural and organic changes that Europe has gone through, but sees development as a planned design for implementing modernity in other countries. As a result, the closedness of development concerns only the developing countries, not Western modern ones. Davari emphasizes that the Western modernity has a universality that pertains to a unique reason and a unified world. The only way of (...) thinking in this world is a philosophical thought based on human self-centered reason, and given the pervasiveness of Western civilization. Therefore, Davari does not consider Westernization as mere imitation of Western customs and methods, but rather as a way of existence in the world. Westernization is a subjective view of the world and beings. Westernization is not optional, enabling non-Western people to avoid it. According to the Westernization scenario, the world today is entirely Westernized, and Davari considers Westernization as the inevitable fate of the people of this era, seeing two alternatives for them, both of which ultimately lead to the same destination, which is to embrace development; either they seize the power of science and technology and join the process of global modernization and participate in it, or they become subdued by this process and accept it without participation. Davari regards the first type of Westernization as active and the second type as passive. Problematique Therefore, underdevelopment is not a concept of the ancient world, nor even of a world between the ancient and the modern, or on the threshold of modernization. Underdevelopment is a condition of suspension and timelessness and being exposed to modernization. To escape the paradox of underdevelopment, which is the inevitable historical fate of non-modernized societies, Davari sees no way out other than embracing development. In other words, Westernized societies, which have become confused due to modernization, have no escape route other than turning to development. Therefore, some critics of Davari accuse the theory of Westernization of being a theoretical rupture. M. T. Tabatabaei, by rejecting the theoretical rupture in the theory of Westernization, believes that in the argument of Davari, we are only faced with a shift from a philosophical to an intellectual level. Tabatabaei, by avoiding providing a philosophical response to the critics of the theoretical rupture, believes that the introduction of active Westernization and collaboration in science and technology as a solution to escape from underdevelopment conditions, is only a shift from a philosophical level to an intellectual level and does not involve a rupture. Therefore, it seems that the philosophical issue of how or the possibility of escaping from underdevelopment conditions is still an open non answered problem. In this study, seeking a philosophical answer to this problem, an attempt has been made to summarize Davari's definitions of development, underdevelopment, participation in the world of science, and the role of humanities and social sciences in development, using his writings and speeches. It is proposed that a way to escape from the clesedness of development based on Davari's views, is to make use of analytical method with emphasizing on concepts and theories of the philosophy and metaphysics of science. Argument According to Davari, the social and human sciences that are responsible for development planning in underdeveloped societies must consider the characteristics of underdevelopment in order to facilitate the transition to more favorable conditions. Davari identifies the following conditions for successful development: 1) replacing tradition with science as the organizing and coordinating principle in society, 2) recognizing the universality of philosophy and science of the Western modernity and the impossibility of blindly imitation and adopting it, 3) inevitability of actively engaging and interacting with development, 4) recognizing the internal dynamics of scientific progress and avoiding authoritarian control, and 5) promoting free participation in the scientific paradigms. Therefore, Davari suggests the following steps towards development: 1) recognizing and understanding the problems of society and the local ecosystem, 2) understanding the philosophical and cultural foundations of Western civilization, 3) understanding the historical context and paradigms of science, 4) understanding the philosophical and metaphysical foundations of science, 5) recognizing the intellectual and philosophical capacities of our own community, and 6) reflecting our own philosophical and metaphysical assumptions in the scientific world in a way that is compatible with scientific methods. Given the motivations for change in science at both the global and national levels, including the emergence of heterodox or indigenous sciences, and the inevitable nature of development, Davari points to the possibility of a path between absolute rejecting or accepting the mainstream social and human sciences. However, this path is challenging and contingent upon the aforementioned conditions and steps of transition. Conclusion It is necessary to seek this path within the realm of the philosophy and metaphysics of science, particularly in the origins and foundations of the social and human sciences. Research in the metaphysics and philosophy of the social sciences provides the opportunity for active scientific engagement in the scientific paradigms and a reconsideration of the foundations of science, allowing for different philosophical foundations while are compatible with scientific methods. Successfully finding a path between absolute rejecting or accepting the existing social sciences will lead to an internal transformation within the field of science and, in fact, will advance the boundaries of knowledge. Therefore, it is possible, while adhering to the conditions of transition and actively participating in the world of science and technology, and accepting the unity of modernity and avoiding selectivity and imitation, to search for a way to overcome the closedness of development through a reconsideration of the philosophical and metaphysical foundations of science, while recognizing our own intellectual heritage and critically assessing Western science and technology. (shrink)

In the context of academic pressures, short-term stress is deemed necessary to enhance learning outcomes and promote higher achievement.

Progressive Islam is a relatively new Islamic movement in the dynamics of the Contemporary Islamic movement. Progressive Islam places the domination of the social system of capitalism as its main problem. Progressive Islam aims to create change, which is pursued through the realization of its agenda, one of which is formulating a reality-based method of thinking. The problems and agenda of Progressive Islam parallel the problems and formulation of method of thought Tan Malaka. Tan Malaka has been against the social (...) system of capitalism. Tan Malaka has a methodological work based on reality, MADILOG. This study aims to show the parallels between Progressive Islam and Tan Malaka, and to position MADILOG as a method of Progressive Islamic thought. This study uses qualitative research methods with literature study techniques. The data in this study were analyzed using the sociology of knowledge approach and the philosophy of critical realism. The result is that the parallel between Progressive Islam and Tan Malaka lies in four aspects. Then, MADILOG can be positioned as a method of Progressive Islamic thought. (shrink)

Sebagai pedoman al-Qur’an harus dipahami secara tepat dan benar. Upaya untuk memhami al-Qur’an telah dilakukan oleh umat manusia pada setiap zaman, terutama oleh para mufassir. Hal ini kemudian melahirkan metodologi tafsir al-Qur’an yang terdiri dari beragam jenis metode tafsir. Artikel ini membahas tentang empat jenis metode tafsir al-Aqur’an. Keempat metode itu adalah metode tafsir ijmali (global), metode tafsir tahlili (analitik), metode tafsir maudhu’i (tematik), dan metode tafsir muqaran (komparatif). Metode-metode ini dijelaskan satu persatu meliputi difinisi, kelebihan dan kekurangan, serta contoh (...) hasil penafsirannya. Untuk itu artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian studi pustaka dengan pendekatan filsafat. (shrink)

Kedekatan dengan alam pada umumnya dianggap bermanfaat bagi kesejahteraan seseorang. Bukti dari pengamatan ilmiah, serta penilaian diri sendiri berdasarkan pengalaman, menunjukkan efek “kegembiraan” dari paparan terhadap alam. Berjalan-jalan di hutan dikatakan bisa menenangkan pikiran. Tapi, bagaimana itu bisa terjadi? Penelitian terbaru di bidang ilmu saraf membantu menjelaskan hal ini. Tinggal di daerah perkotaan dapat menimbulkan stres akibat kebisingan, polusi, dan persaingan. Amigdala memainkan peran penting dalam pemrosesan stres dan mengelola respon terhadap ancaman emosional di otak manusia. Mereka yang tinggal di (...) kota mengalami peningkatan aktivitas amigdala dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tinggal di daerah pedesaan, seperti hasil penelitian di tahun 2011 yang diterbitkan di Nature [1]. (shrink)

Dalam hal paparan terhadap alam, terutama dalam perencanaan kota, ruang hijau sering kali mendapat banyak perhatian. Vegetasi bermanfaat bagi kesejahteraan manusia, dan hijau adalah warna dominan biosfer bumi. Tapi bagaimana dengan warna khas planet kita yang lain? Ruang biru adalah istilah yang menunjukkan permukaan luar ruangan yang alami (atau terkadang semi alami). perairan secara umum, termasuk lautan, sungai, danau, kanal, dll. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, seperti ruang hijau, ruang biru juga bermanfaat bagi kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan psiko-sosial manusia [1]. Aspek ini (...) telah mendapatkan perhatian lebih dalam pada beberapa dekade terakhir, khususnya dalam konteks manajemen kesehatan masyarakat. Sebuah penelitian di Inggris mengungkapkan bahwa kunjungan ke ruang biru di perkotaan meningkat jumlahnya, hampir sama dengan yang ditemukan di pedesaan [2]. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah pedesaan tersebut lebih sering mengunjungi ruang biru, mungkin karena pilihan manusia jatuh pada ruang biru yang “terlihat alami”. (shrink)

Moderasi beragama merupakan bagian dari Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) 2020-2024. Untuk itu, segala upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengimplementasikan Moderasi beragama dalam berbagai bentuk perlu dilakukan. Kami menyambut baik kehadiran buku Moderasi Beragama: Implementasi dalam Pendidikan, Agama dan Budaya Lokal, yang ditulis oleh akademisi dari berbagai perguruan tinggi ini. Karena kehadiran buku ini menjadi salah satu bagian penting dalam memperkuat pemahaman dan praktik beragama yang moderat di tengah-tengah masyarakat Indonesia yang multikultur.

This article is a study of the biography and intellectual work of Tan Malaka as a figure. The study of the biography of Tan Malaka will look at factual life and the form of its important role. Through the study of the intellectual work of Tan Malaka, it will be seen how the factuality of the birth of the work and the changes it creates. For this reason, the method of philosophical research is used with the technique of historical-factual study (...) of figures. This technique focuses on the thoughts of one philosopher or figures both on a specific topic in his work and on his entire work. The sociological theory of knowledge is used as an analytical approach to uncover the factuality of Tan Malaka's biography and intellectual work. The result is that the biography of Tan Malaka is formed on the factual situation of colonialism, institutions, interactions with various people, and various languages and Sciences. While the intellectual work of Tan Malaka is the result of his struggle with various factualities. (shrink)

Abstrak Artikel ini mencoba mengungkap faktor-faktor pendorong berkembangnya Salafisme dalam globalisasi. Alasannya adalah globalisasi menuntut keterbukaan sementara gerakan Salafisme bersifat defensif, proteksionis, rigid, puritan dan radikal, yang semesntinya tidak dapat berkembang dalam dinamika kehidupan global, tapi justru berkembang dengan pesat. Untuk mengungkap faktor-faktor tersebut dilakukan analisis terhadap perkembangan globalisasi dan perkembangan Salafisme itu sendiri. Analisis itu dilakukan dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis Islam politik kontemporer yang difokuskan pada teori globalisasi, indentitas, dan ideologi. Hasilnya adalah bahwa terdapat dua faktor (...) berkembangnya Salafisme dalam kehidupan global yakni, krisis identitas dan politik identitas. Krisis identitas merupakan faktor yang disebabkan oleh globalisasi itu sendiri yang kemudian diartikulasikan atau dimanfaatkan oleh gerakan Salafisme. Sedangkan politik identitas meruapak strategi taktis yang digunakan oleh Salafisme. (shrink)